Agrarian districts of the world
Agriculture is a special branch of the world economy, the main purpose of which is to provide the population of the planet with food products. In this or that degree it has developed practically in all regions of the world, with the exception of tundra and the northern and southern regions.
The whole department is divided into two main areas: plant breeding and animal husbandry. Both of these directions also have their own structure and are distinguished by a large diversity.
Review of agrarian districts of Russia
Historically, the agrarian regions of Russia are considered to be the southern and central regions of the country. This is due to climatic conditions that allow landlords to take lower risks than in more northern areas.
Leaders in the production of agricultural products are:
- Krasnodar, Altai, Stavropol Krai;
- Rostovskaya, Belgorodskaya, Bryanskaya, Voronezhskaya, Tambovskaya, Saratovskaya oblasts.
Also good indicators are distinguished:
- Republics of Mordovia, Tatarstan and Ingushetia;
- Ivanovskaya, Vladimirskaya, Lipetskaya, Kirovskaya oblast.
In all these areas the development of both the direction of agriculture, and in general, it can be said that the development of plant breeding and animal husbandry in Russia is unique. Altai Krai, for example, traditionally occupies leading positions among producers of grain, milk and meat. Krasnodar Krai is a leader in the production of grain and grapes. Bashkortostan occupies the first place in the production of meat products, honey and milk.
Although today agrarian regions are called and less adapted for the region's agriculture. Thanks to the achievements of agricultural science, it is possible to effectively introduce agriculture to the northern regions (Nenets and Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs), and Siberia (Tomsk, Tyumen region).
Backward agrarian regions of Russia
To the lagging regions of Russia can be attributed: Adygea, Transbaikalia, Buryatia, Sakhalin region, Khakassia and some other regions.
Resignation is associated with different reasons:
- Insufficiently active attempts to guide the regions in the development of agriculture;
- lack of investment;
- low social density of the population;
- lack of necessary infrastructure.
Features of agrarian structure
It is necessary to clarify that agriculture is not just planting grain or growing vegetables. This concept includes four spheres:
- Resource (industries that provide agro-industrial complex by means of production - agricultural machinery, production of compound feeds, reclamation works).
- Agrarian-raw material (own agriculture).
- Processing (preparation, storage, processing, transportation and sale of products).
- Production (various branches and organizations that ensure the functioning of the entire agricultural complex).
Originally, agriculture was bred exclusively by human beings. He performed all the basic functions - from planting and growing to processing and sale. With time, when the question arose before the farm to increase the volume of production, it became necessary to find a means to solve this problem.
The decision was the development of agricultural science, machinery, infrastructure, regulation of market relations, as well as the emergence of production and economic formations with different functions.
While paying due attention to all sides of the state, it was possible to achieve significant results and rapid development of the whole sector. This is due to the fact that in the modern world, agriculture is the leading branch of macroeconomics.
Features of the agrarian foreign market
It is a fact that agriculture of different countries has different economic and natural peculiarities, which ultimately led to the idea of implementation in this area of single policy. The main tools of this policy are price regulation, demand, supply, foreign trade at the expense of state intervention.
Agrarian policy in this case goes for a purely market sphere. This is a system of quotas, and direct budget payments, and measures of administrative planning. In addition, agrarian policy includes the adoption of regulations on infrastructure development and support of favorable environmental conditions.
By logical decision, the task set was the creation of the European Union. The single economic space helped to come to an agreement on the rules of competition, state support for agriculture, a single currency policy. These and other agreements ultimately ensured significant success and longevity of modern agrarian policy.
Examples and characteristics of agrarian regions of Europe
Europe is traditionally associated with well-developed agrarian regions: France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Sweden and the Netherlands.
But due to the limited number of arable lands, the European agricultural economy has an pronounced livestock slope. For the northern regions (Norway, Great Britain, Finland) is more characteristic dairy cattle breeding. For Central Europe (Denmark, France, Germany) - milk and meat. In the southern regions of Europe (Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece) more vegetation is developed. Grain, fruits, grapes and other crops are grown here. Also some countries (Iceland, Portugal, Norway) are leaders in world fishing.
We will raise the backward agrarian regions of Europe
In Europe, regardless of the high level of development of the agro-industrial complex, there are and lagging behind agrarian regions. They include the western part of France, some parts of Spain, Portugal, Greece, southern Italy.
Regional policy in relation to such regions provides:
- modernization of the agricultural sector;
- creation of state funds for modern production and social infrastructure;
- tax benefits;
- investment attraction;
- creation of large enterprises of basic industries.
Features of agrarian relations in India
India, as is well known, is home to the most ancient agricultural cultures and home to such popular cultures as rice, eggplant, cucumber, lemon, orange and mango. At the moment, this country is the most important agricultural region of the world. About half of the active population is engaged in the agricultural sector of the economy.
The most important branch of Indian agriculture is crop production. The agricultural area occupies about 160 million hectares and is used for sowing wheat, rice, corn and other crops.
The Indian government in the last decade has been carrying out large-scale agrarian reforms, the necessity of which is due to various reasons. Among them - the lack of mechanization of processes, insufficient use of fertilizers, the lack of market relations.
In many villages up to now the natural way of farming (landowners do not sell their products) has been preserved, and about half of the land suitable for sowing land is in the hands of large landowners.
Features of agrarian relations in China
China, as well as India, is the largest agricultural country, leading the history of agriculture since ancient times.
The most important branch of Chinese agriculture is also crop production. The area of arable lands in this country is equal to 150 million hectares. The most important food cultures are rice, wheat, barley and corn.
In animal husbandry, China also occupies one of the first places in the world. Simultaneously with this, such industries are actively developing, such as poultry, beekeeping and fishing.
The basis of China's agrarian relations is socialist ownership, which is transferred to the collective use of agricultural peasant cooperatives.
A large part of the land is transferred to the use of peasants under the terms of the contract for a period of 15 years. In addition to similar practices, in 2005 in China, the land tax was completely abolished and at the same time the amount of financial contributions from the budget to the development of agriculture.
Combining the market system of economic relations with the measures of state budget support, which stimulates the growth of production, has become a distinctive feature of the agro-industrial sector of the Chinese economy.
Review of agrarian districts, technologies, modern equipment will be held annually at the exhibition Agroprodmash.